Women and Associations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ladies and Associations - Essay Example Ladies and affiliations are about the data of the US ladies spinning around their history and their victories dependent on their ways of life, ethnic gatherings, religions and where they originate from. The variables that persuaded ladies to begin NACWC were to guarantee that, the Africa American-based women’s government assistance was all around dealt with in their social orders. They likewise planned for ensuring their social liberties when it came to issues that concerned enrollment and casting a ballot and they needed to address the issues that confronted military and schools in their networks. The effect of this gathering prompted numerous advantages in the American social orders; where they created goals for kids, who were powerless, settled and guaranteed that young ladies were busy with occupations and created schools to advance instruction. Then again, the National Women’s Party NWP, was an association whose individuals were ladies and was established in 1915. The affiliation battled for the women’s rights in America around the twentieth century explicitly the rights that would empower them to be equivalent to the manner in which men were dealt with. When differentiated to associations like the National Association of Colored ladies, which focused on the campaigning explicit states, NWP managed matters that concerned the constitution change that battled for women’s option to cast a ballot and get puts in workplaces. NWP likewise battled for the equivalent rights to be fused in the constitution where they crusaded for their preservationist of their societies and their occupations (DuBois, 2008).

A Bite on Jobs Uncanny Apple

A Bite on Jobs’ Uncanny Apple Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now! A Bite on Jobs’ Uncanny Apple Updated On 23/04/2017 Author : Warner Carter Topic : Apple Short URL : http://bit.ly/2oz70bU CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlog The George Clooney stubble, the smoothly delivered swagger, the air of a born leaderâ€"these are all just a fraction the world can get from the Macintosh supremo Steve Jobs. Yet beyond these salacious sketches he constantly get from the press and fashion icons, and across his adios to the magnum opus he has done for Apple, small business players see something others cannot: his thinking cap that’s as big and wide as the Pacific. 1984, the year Jobs released Macintosh, or now loosely called Mac, was a definitive year for technology industry. The inception of Mac eschewed the prophetical dystopian George Orwell novel 1984, which anti-technology activists used as a bible of their belief. Not even competitors succeeded to stop its introduction to the public, not to mention the legal name dispute with McIntosh Audio Equipment manufacturers. From that day forward, the rise of Macintosh has been so unstoppable and inexorableâ€"from the first-ever dourly designed box computer to the not-so appealing iPhone4. Macintosh has become a household nameâ€" and so has Job’s unforgettable surname. Imagine life without Job’s thinking cap, without his vision, without his cojones to say that his inventions are pieces of puzzles to change the world. True, without him, there would be some other Steve Jobs out there to introduce Mac or the iPhone or iPad or iPod, but fate has given all of this to him; Steve Jobs was born to do his calling, his job. Indeed, Jobs has influenced a lotâ€"hundreds, or possibly thousandsâ€"of small business players around the globe. His acumen for copying poorly designed products and improving them has taught lots of North Asian businessmen to recycle and facsimile ideas that lead to a massive faking of his own technology line. His fetish for simple design pioneered a new design revolution that rekindled minimalism in new products on the market. Even his fetish for software simplicity seemed to be starting to make a trend since many German and Japanese technology industries that aim to find a place on American market are making phones, music players and tablets with features and navigation that are obviously copied form Jobs’ inventions. Looking back on the very first Apple Computer Apple I, no one thought of it as a future granddaddy of inventions that would change every people’s lifestyleâ€"no one but Steve Jobs and the few people who stood by him during the early humdrum days of Apples’ inex istence. .IRPP_button , .IRPP_button .postImageUrl , .IRPP_button .centered-text-area { min-height: 86px; position: relative; } .IRPP_button , .IRPP_button:hover , .IRPP_button:visited , .IRPP_button:active { border:0!important; } .IRPP_button { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #3498DB; } .IRPP_button:active , .IRPP_button:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .IRPP_button .postImageUrl { background-position: center; background-size: cover; float: right; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 30%; } .IRPP_button .centered-text-area { float: left; width: 70%; padding:0; margin:0; } .IRPP_button .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: .125em; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .IRPP_button .postTitle { color: #ECF0F1; font-size: 16px; fon t-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .IRPP_button .ctaButton { background: #ECF0F1; color: inherit; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; margin: 18px 14px 18px 14px; moz-border-radius: 3px; padding: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; webkit-border-radius: 3px; width: 80px; position: absolute; } .IRPP_button:hover .ctaButton { background: #e6e6e6; } .IRPP_button .centered-text { display: table; height: 86px; padding:0; margin:0; padding-left: 108px!important; top: 0; } .IRPP_button .IRPP_button-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 10px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .IRPP_button:after { content: "; display: block; clear: both; } READPrice Of Apple iPad In IndiaThe Cook is the new Job Now, the hardheaded, demanding CEO decided to let go and pass the still-fiery torch to Cook. For an industrial engineer and fitness enthusiast with lesser appeal than his superior, the lessons he has learned from his now-celebrity boss is enough to save himself from ongoing questions of his capacity to lead the abandoned company. Now that it is not only Microsoft to crush their name should they stumble and fail to hold the top spot, he knows that the weight Jobs left on his shoulder is not just a jest or mere public affectation. To Steve Jobs, you’ve done a great job. This article is written by Warner Carter. He enjoys writing about SEO, Marketing, and Website Development. He works with Endless Rise who provides SEO Reseller Packages as Private Label SEO exclusively for resellers. If you wish to write for us, kindly check this.

Write Five SQL and a reflective report and Task3 Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Analysis and design stages of system development are important because they are the stages in which the requirements of the system are evaluated and incorporated into a model of the final system. This is the stage in which all the functionality of the system to be developed are modeled into a prototype from which the system will be developed from; the model or prototype is the basis or the blueprint on which the system is built. Based on the design, the database will be built, the user interface will follow, and the integration of all components will follow too. Task 3 Learning Journal Entries 1. The most important factors to the success of any project include budget, time, and finally quality 2. It is very important to take time to get the best design for a project. This is because it is the reference point for the system development 3. Database design and development requires consultation from experts 4. It is always prudent to keep in mind the requirements of the final users when developing a system 5. When designing a system it is important that the design be simple and one that is feasible in terms of implementation. I have decide to include the above entries in my journal of learning entries because I believe these are some of the most important things I have been able to learn during the course of this unit. We will write a custom essay sample on Write Five SQL and a reflective report and Task3 or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Whichever data model is chosen for the development of a database design and so on, the model for designing the database has to follow the system development methodology to the latter. The above learning entries also serve to remind me; in summary, what system design and development is all about; time, quality, and budget. How long will the system take to develop? How much money will be needed to develop the system to completion? Finally, how good should the system be? Does the system design truly meet the demands of the SRS document? If the system does not meet the requirements, what can be done within the project budget to correct the system design? Conclusion Database design plays a huge role when systems are being developed especially when the system needs storage facilities. Rightly so, therefore, proper planning needs to be done before the system development or design starts.

Supreme Court Reforms - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 949 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/19 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Supreme Court Essay Did you like this example? In the case of reforms of the Supreme Court, I suppose that an update is necessary to adjust to the modern world. Over the past couple of decades, nominations over the high court have increasingly become more political. According to Article II of the Constitution, Supreme Court justices must be nominated by the President and approved by the Senate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Supreme Court Reforms" essay for you Create order But many more factors contribute to this process nowadays including interest groups, public opinion, and the media. This change could be explained by the increased access to daily news the public did not always have (TV, Internet, Smartphones, etc.). The greater influence of the public can affect the appointments of the high courts. Greater home-state public support does significantly and strikingly increase the probability that a senator will vote to approve a nominee, even controlling for other predictors of roll-call voting. These results establish a systematic and powerful link between constituency opinion and voting on Supreme Court nominees. This leads to more of a majoritarian type of judicial system rather than representation. I do not think the Framers could have predicted such an influx of influence outside of the Executive and Legislative branches. Therefore, reforms would only make sense to implement into the Judicial Branch. The first reform I would input is an increase of the number of justices in the Supreme Court. Reason being is because the now larger population of the US needs a larger Supreme Court. The Judiciary Act of 1869 called for a Chief Justice and eight associate Justices to serve in the Supreme Court back when the population of the United States was shy of 32,000,000. Now the population of the US is approximately ten times greater than it was in 1869. Increasing the number of associate Justices by at least 50% would perhaps delegate the workload a little better. Afterall, the volume of cases in 1869 was a lot lower than the volume of cases today. Next, I would implement an eighteen-year term limit for all court Justices. This would eliminate or reduce most of the major forms of strategic behavior that flow from the current life tenure arrangements. A President no longer would have an incentive to appoint younger Justices and would feel free to appoint a more qualified older lawyer or judge whose age and health would suffice to complete the fixed term of years. Additionally, an eighteen-year term limit would give each President a fair two nominations per term. No President would be able to nominate a majority of the Supreme Court. Furthermore, life expectancy back when the Framers amended the Constitution was a lot shorter than it is today. This statistic means that Court Justices are serving longer terms than they were back in 1787. Id say longer terms are too long. The main barrier preventing these reforms from happening is in the Constitution. Article III Section 2 states that the Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. The Constitution does not mention anything about term or age limits. Therefore, Congress would have to amend the Constitution to make Judicial term and age limits possible. Amending the Constitution is hard as it is being that a proposal needs to be approved by the majority of the House and the Senate or the State legislatures and then signed by the President to become an amendment. This process has never actually happened before. Of course, the amendments that have been passed before took an alternative route rather than going through the approval of the Executive branch. To counter-argue against my previous ideas, the Constitution provides many obstacles for a nominee to become a Supreme Court Justice. These obstacles include a nomination by the President and approval of the Senate. Obviously, any nominee is carefully picked, and any Justice is carefully examined by two branches before becoming a Judge. With the knowledge that the high court of the Judicial branch has no term or age limits, the Executive and Legislative branches must strictly choose who is fit for the job. With that being said, all of the Justices of the Supreme Court were chosen for a reason. They must be in it for the long run. I believe that the reason why the Framers did not implement term or age limits into Article III of the Constitution is because a Justice must be experienced for the position. Afterall, the Judicial branch is seen as the last line of defense against laws that could infringe upon the fundamental rights of Americans and take up issues that the other two bran ches cant or wont. For example, the Constitutional Court decides whether a President is guilty of a crime of which he is charged. If he is found guilty, he is removed from power. The Judicial Branch has the final say. Therefore, reforms may not be necessary from this aspect. The idea of limited terms came more in focus after the right-wings takeover of the Judicial system with the last nomination of President Donald J. Trump, Judge Brett Kavanaugh. When it comes to Supreme Court nominations, it seems more like a war between the two political parties each acting in what they may think is best for the nation even if their ideas may seem to contradict with our Constitution, instead of referring to what the Constitution that protects the people dictates. For this matter, many people are angered with the system and looking for ways to reform our Supreme Court. However, I believe we can make a Judicial system more directly in touch with the people instead of the two main political parties.

Analysis Of The Book By Alex Haley - 1486 Words

1) Alex Haley wrote the book due to the several interviews he had with Malcolm X. Malcolm is technically the author of the book due to the fact that those are his words and that Malcolm X narrates the novel . 2) The difference between the two is that a biography is the writing of ones life written by another individual in third person. A autobiography is the writing of ones life written by that same individual and/or protagonist in first person. 3) Malcolm X did not know his biological father because his father was killed in 1931 by white supremacists. Malcolm was at the young age of 6 and had little memory of his father. 4) Skin color and hair texture had a major impact on the family and in the society itself. Due to the fact that Malcolm†¦show more content†¦After that they moved to Milwaukee briefly their father wanted to move to a place where they can grow their own food and perhaps build a business. With that being said they moved to Lansing, Michigan they had to leave their because, not only are they receiving horrible treatment from men from The Black Legion, two white men set their house on fire and rode away so now their home was destroyed. Chapter 2 7) A moscot is suppose to symbolize a specific organization and is suppose to bring good luck. 8) Whites and people from Malcolms school treat him as a mascot because they never treat him as their equal, they only use him as a model to show other people that they are â€Å"not† racist. With that being said they only let him achieve but so much so he wouldn’t disturb their white mainstream society. 9) The white boys used Malcolm to their benefit to get girls because they would try to pressure him into asking the girls out so that the white boys can use that against the white girls. It was considered a dirty little secret almost intended as blackmail. 10) The most impressive thing about the step-sister, Ella, is that she is a strong, independent black woman living in a wealthy black neighborhood which was very rare at that time. Chapter 3 11) Euphemism is a mild expression substituted for when one is considered to be to harsh when referring to something unpleasant. 12) Two euphemisms that blacks used to indicate their professions

Financial Decision Making For Creative Projects and Events

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Decision Making For Creative Projects and Events. Answer: SWOT Analysis of WDP The major strength area of the company included that it dealt with creativity, flexibility and provided the tailored solutions to the clients as and when they needed. They make economical use of the discarded and existing buildings to provide logistic solutions to the clients. Thus they make good use of the available resources and are often known as the warehouses with brains. It puts its focus on sustainable development and economical use. It makes sure that it is investing in highly economical sites depending on the demand of the client and has built its own data store[1]. It provides end to end services to the clients that focus on fast delivery, end to end customer support, giving feedbacks as and when required, tailoring the resources to suit the demand of the client and all of these must be backed by fair amount of research and evaluation. The major weakness of the company includes that there was a lack of a strong financial base for the company and that affected it growth prospects and also affected the overall rate of investments that the company received from proficient investors and clients. To solve the same the company was looking towards launching the SEO prospects that will help them in solving the issues in their financial prospects and help them attract better finances that will support their overall growth and development[2]. The new SEO prospects that the company was considering will bring a change in the present financial system of the company and will also help in improving the stand of the investors of the company. Thus this will improve the position of the company and open new avenues for the company. The company also has other opportunities like improvement in the customer standing, better services to be provided. Changes in the government policies and trade practices will open new avenues for the company. The few threat elements that the company is facing are competition from the other real estate companies that are also operating in the same line of business. The company will also face issue if there are changes in the overall trade practices[3]. Also the present uncertainties in the financial markets and the presence of the Brexit may add up to the tension and effect the overall position of the company. Given the present financial structure of the company, if the SEO prospects work accordingly, then issuing the new shares will be beneficial for the company, but the company needs to keep in mind that the existing shareholders of the company exercise their priority rights accordingly and that will then make the price of the new shares equivalent to the existing prices and that will attract new investors. The company must also keep in mind that it is earning effective amount of revenue so that new investors can be paid decent amount of dividend. The trade policies and the government regulations and the state of the financial structure must be considered before issuing new shares[4]. If all the factors are favorable then that will help the company in improving their capital base if new shares are issued accordingly. The company management came up with an unique idea for solving its present deficiency in the financial structure, the SEO proposal was a unique solution in which the company was offering 2369560 shares, as per which they were creating one extra share for every eight share that was outstanding on part of the company. On the SEO offer price that will be determined only institutional investors will be allowed to participate and that will be known as accelerated book building. But the final allocation of these shares will be subject to the priority allocation that will be done to the existing shareholders. The main advantage of these proposals for the company will be that there is a very fast execution and that is better than the traditional right issue of shares. It will help to restrict the exposure of the firm to fluctuating market conditions, and is also cheap in respect of the cost incurred and the total time required for the process is also very less. There is no need to engage in hard assignments and that will help the company in saving the overall cost and also reduce the risk elements[5]. These are the advantageous of the proposed strategy of the company. The cons that are attached with the new proposal is that it is restricted to the rights exercised by the existing shareholders and there were many issues in finalizing the proposed system for the company. The overall financials of the company were at stake and the company needed to look for the present market conditions in order to make the issue of the new shares public[6]. The main disadvantage in relation to the traditional system is that the risk element is very high for the company and if unsuccessful it might affect the overall position of the existing shareholders of the company. The main reasons for this proposal were that the company wanted a change in its existing policy of dividend distribution and also wanted to improve its stand in respect of the same. The CEO must recommend the new strategy to the board because the pros outweigh the cons and if the proposal is successful it will be beneficial for the company in many ways and thus taking such small amount of risk at some place will not hamper the company much[7]. And also it can be seen that there is a stagnancy in the present position of the company and it is important that changes must be there to make sure that the company is growing in the times to come. Valution of the share price of the company using the multiple valuation model. The basic formula that can be applied in the use of various multiples like p.e ratio, book value ratio. Because of lack of information all ratios cannot be used. The only formula that can be applied is Book value per share 41.94 Earning per share is 7.85 Total EBDITA is 119,531,000 Therefore total number of shares- 119531000/41.94 = 2850048 Total value will be 2850048*7.85 = 2237284 The valuation of the shares using the dividend discount model Profit for this year = 2016 = 71384*4/3 = 95178.67 Dividend to be paid = 95178.67*0.80 = 76142.93 Earning left = 95178.67-76142.93 = 19035.73 Growth rate is 25 percent = 19035.73*1.25 = 23794.67 Discounting rate is 10 percent, therefore value of the shares will be 23794.67/0.10 = 237946.7 Note : All the above figures that have been calculated as per the models are in thousand euro multiples. The value of the shares at the time of SEO was 1.62 billion euros, which is less then the value that is calculated as per the above valuation models. Thus the stock is undervalued. References Alexander, F. (2016). The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), 411-431. Bromwich, M., Scapens, R. (2016). Management Accounting Research: 25 years on. Management Accounting Research, 31, 1-9. Drew, J. (2017). IASB proposes changes around accounting policies and estimates. Journal Of Accountancy. Elimam, H. (2017). The Role of Small Businesses (Small Scale Economic Projects) in Alleviating the Acuity of Unemployment. International Business Research, 10(3). Laursen, G., Thorlund, J. (2016). Business Analytics for Managers: Taking Business Intelligence Beyond Reporting (Second ed.). CANADA: Wiley Publisher. Mayntz, R. (2017). Networked Governance. Springer. Visinescu, L., Jones, M., Sidorova, A. (2017). Improving Decision Quality: The Role of Business Intelligence. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(1), 58-66.

Period of African American Literature Slavery and Freedom Essay Example

Period of African American Literature: Slavery and Freedom Essay Douglasss influential career in the anti-slavery movement and postwar politics owed much to his early education in the possibilities and limitations for African-American freedom taught to him by Baltimores black community in the antebellum eraBaltimore introduced a young, enslaved Frederick Douglass to the ambiguities of freedom for African Americans in the antebellum United States. Douglass lived in Baltimore intermittently from his arrival in the city in 1826 at the age of eight until he escaped from slavery twelve years later. Reflecting the ambiguities of black life in antebellum Baltimore, Douglass could assert that a city slave is almost a free man compared with a slave on the plantation and lament that while in Baltimore I often found myself regretting my own existence and wishing myself dead (Narrative 50, 56). Douglasss contradictory impressions of his adolescence as a slave in Baltimore, impressions of comparative liberty and abject despair, reflected the larger paradox of African-American life in the city that claimed Americas largest black population at the time of the Civil War. Situated on the border of slavery and freedom, Baltimore created space for African Americans to develop dynamic institutions that proved vital to their post-emancipation history. Yet these institutions developed under severe restrictions on the freedom of non-slave African Americans that white Baltimoreans devised to replace the increasingly impractical bonds of slavery. Black agency amid the constraints and opportunities of an urban slave society provided Douglass with his first classroom in the limits of freedom for nineteenth-century African Americans.Between 1790 and 1860, the institution of slavery declined in Baltimore but the boundaries of African-American freedom narrowed considerably. When free blacks posed little threat to white privilege, as in the 1790s, whites imposed relatively few limitations on them. But as the free black population grew so did racial compet ition for jobs and social power. Whites responded to the dynamism of free African Americans by circumscribing their liberty. Douglass lived in Baltimore when free African Americans made substantial economic gains and expanded an already powerful network of black institutions. By the time of the Civil War whites rolled back many of the gains of the 1830s and pushed free blacks to the edge of slavery. Douglass first witnessed white racism towards free blacks during this tightening of Baltimores restrictions on non-slave African Americans that coincided with slaverys demise.Baltimore grew from a small village of under 500 in 1750 to a major port with 13,503 in 1790. Slave numbers rose along with the citys total population, but slavery never served as the dominant source of labor nor did slave ownership generate great fortunes in Baltimore. Trading opportunities in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars created most of the wealth in early national Baltimore. When compared with regions li ke southern Maryland in which slaves comprised one third of the total population and coastal South Carolina where slaves were in the majority, Baltimores early national ratio of fewer than one slave to every ten free people seems small. Barbara Jeanne Fields found that over time slaves declined in the citys economy and population while free African Americans grew in importance.In the 1790s, Baltimores slaves outnumbered free African Americans, and slaves mattered more to white employers than did free black labor. Slavery combined with white artisanal labor to stratify the labor force according to race and skill. In an 1810 occupational survey of the citys white men, over half of those listed held jobs in craft production (Browne 58). These skilled white craftsmen buttressed their power with slave labor. Wealthier craftsmen, who comprised 28% of Baltimore slave holders in 1800, paid the high initial investment in slaves and profited if product demand remained steady for goods made by unpaid slaves (Steffen 38). This division of industrial labor between slaves and artisans established a rigid hierarchy within the work force that precluded violent competition for jobs and reduced the need for elaborate constraints on non-slave African Americans.In craft production, master craftsmen controlled apprentices who gave up personal autonomy to learn a skill. While the status of white apprentices was the envy of slaves, both craft production and slavery relied on personal authority and modes of labor discipline outside of wages. Pride in craft knowledge and the promotion system that led from apprenticeship to wage-earning journeyman and later self-employed master craftsman mitigated work-place tensions within the craft system.This divided labor market operated via a widely recognized legal and caste system, i.e. slavery that explicitly linked racial and class status. The combination of artisan production and slavery privileged white craftsmen at the expense of slave labo r. Enough artisans followed the traditional route towards self-employment to reduce fears that unskilled wage laborers and slaves threatened craft workers livelihoods. Furthermore, few white workers wanted jobs, or legal status, that African-American slaves held, and many slave-owning craftsmen opposed removal of slaves from trades also pursued by white labor. In later years free white and black workers violently competed for semi-skilled jobs, but early national Baltimores economy prevented this violence by rigidly segmenting the labor market between craft workers and slaves.Partly because most African Americans in early national Baltimore were slaves, the citys few free blacks enjoyed relatively more independence in the 1790s than they would in the 1830s or 1850s. In 1790, free blacks represented 20% of Baltimore African Americans and only 2% of all city residents. White Baltimoreans did not recognize this comparatively small group as a threat to slavery or white privilege, and co nsequently afforded non-slave African Americans measures of autonomy unthinkable to whites forty years later.Examples of free African-American achievement abounded in 1790s Baltimore. The city hosted free black artists like Joshua Johnson and engineer and almanac author Benjamin Banneker. The inter-racial Maryland Society for the Abolition of Slavery operated in the 1790s under the leadership of white Quaker merchant Elisha Tyson. The Society sued on behalf of free blacks wrongfully enslaved and campaigned for emancipation. Although unpopular with slave owners, the Society succeeded in founding a school for blacks, the African Academy, in 1797. Free black Marylanders had the right to vote until 1808, and in 1792 Thomas Brown, a free African American living in Baltimore, ran as a candidate for the Maryland House of Delegates (Graham 23).Free blacks received encouragement from evangelical Protestants. White Methodists and Quakers had been the strongest opponents of slavery in late-eig hteenth-century Maryland. The 1780 Baltimore Conference of American Methodists resolved that slavery was contrary to the dictates of conscience and pure religion (Wesley 41). As part of the American Revolutions spread of liberty, evangelical sects promoted emancipation in the North and Upper South in the late 1700s. In 1784, the Methodist Society ordered all slave-owning congregants to manumit their bondsmen in one year or face expulsion. Methodist slave owners freed thousands of slaves in late eighteenth-century Maryland. Evangelicalisms anti-slavery message and its circumvention of learned clergy, church ritual, and hierarchical organization attracted African-American worshippers (Frey 245-251).But within Methodism whites maintained some of the larger societys norms of racial subordination. Baltimores white Methodists ordained few black ministers, insisted that blacks wait until all whites had received communion before taking the sacrament, and segregated black worshippers in uppe r-level galleries (Gardner, Free Blacks 51). In 1785, the Methodist Society reversed itself and allowed slave owners to remain in the church. Although individual ministers continued to uphold antislavery tenets, by 1800 the emancipatory promise of the Revolution had faded from evangelicalism.In the late 1780s some Baltimore black Methodists began holding separate prayer meetings from whites. Declaring in 1797 that in view of the many inconveniences arising from the problem of white and colored people assembling in public, these dissidents formalized their break with whites by founding the Bethel Church on Saratoga Street in order to procure of ourselves a separate place in which to assemble (Wesley 129). Bethel later affiliated with Richard Allens African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in 1816 and became the leading black church in Baltimore (Graham 72). Another group of African-American dissenters remained within the white Methodist fold, but formed their own congregation at the Sharp Street M.E. Church in 1802. Sharp Street sometimes used white ministers, but maintained a black board of directors, and drew its congregants exclusively from the African-American community (Gardner, Free Blacks 55).The experience of black evangelicals in early national Baltimore illustrated a larger process at work for the citys African Americans. In the early national era most Baltimore blacks were slaves living under the rigid discipline of white masters. Consequently, whites interested in maintaining racial hierarchy paid little attention to the comparatively small free black community, and believed that it did not immediately threaten white privilege based on slavery. Anti-slavery evangelicals organized publicly in Baltimore and free African Americans claimed many of the liberties enjoyed by whites. But racism existed even within inter-racial, anti-slavery organizations like the Methodists, and it helped persuade African Americans that autonomous institutions could better guard their interests than ones influenced by white leaders. As slavery declined in significance in the citys economy, laws and customs aimed at restricting the liberty of free blacks increased. The pressure of racial proscription convinced Baltimores growing free African-American community that autonomous organizations provided the best means for advancement.When Douglass arrived in Baltimore, the city was undergoing a profound social and economic transformation from a small port that serviced Maryland tobacco and wheat farmers to a much larger industrial and commercial center tied to international markets. This change, which paralleled the development of northern ports like New York and Philadelphia, created demand for thousands of temporary workers to move cargoes on city docks, assemble products in newly built factories, and tend to the homes of the prosperous. Baltimores hierarchy of industrial employment grounded in craft production and slavery fell apart between 1820 and 1860 because free blacks and European immigrants flooded the citys labor market and large-scale factories eclipsed artisan production in craft workshops. Baltimore grew to 212,000 people in 1860, making it Americas third largest city. After 1810, the slave population declined while the number of European immigrants and free African Americans dramatically increased. In 1860, Baltimore was 62% native-born white, 25% foreign born, and 13% African American. As workers these new residents possessed neither craft knowledge nor the legal status of slaves. They met factory owners growing demand for unskilled workers, and, in a larger context, helped re-make the working class in mid-nineteenth-century cities.From 1830-60, factories employing semi-skilled and unskilled wage laborers replaced craft workshops as the dominant form of manufacturing in Baltimore. In 1833, craft workshops with under ten employees made 70% of Baltimores manufactured goods (Muller 165). By 1860, factory owners had supers eded craftsmen as the major Baltimore producers. That year over half of the industrial work force toiled in factories with 50 or more employees, and industries averaging more than 49 workers per shop comprised the four most valuable producers of manufactured goods in Baltimore (Muller 170; Dept. of Commerce 220-222). This growth in large-scale manufacturing coincided with a decline in the total number of producers, many of them craftsmen (Garonzik 75). In the 1850s, Baltimore artisans still supplied local consumers, but factory owners strengthened their hold on industry and displaced many self-employed craftsmen in the process.Slavery existed on the margins of this economy. In the 1830s free African Americans outnumbered slaves by a ratio of five to one, and fewer and fewer slaves found work in manufacturing jobs critical to the economic growth of the period. In the late antebellum era women made up 75% of Baltimore slaves and worked mainly as domestic servants. Some free domestic s ervants accumulated money and improved their standing. Anna Murray, a free-born domestic and Douglasss wife, used her wages to finance Douglasss escape from Baltimore. But many servants lived like Serena Johnson, a slave domestic separated from her parents at age six and brought to Baltimore to serve as the maid and childrens playmate of a prosperous white merchant family. Most jobs held by male slaves had been replaced by free labor by 1850 (Towers, Serena Johnson 334).Douglass found work in 1830s Baltimore as a hired slave, an anomalous position that epitomized the ambiguous status of slaves in a city reliant on mobile wage laborers to perform most tasks. Douglass returned to Baltimore in 1836 following a critical three-year period in which he fought back against the brutal slave-breaker Edward Covey and plotted an escape from William Freelands farm. His master, Thomas Auld, arranged for Douglass to return to the home of Aulds brother Hugh and learn a trade as a slave apprentice. Like many urban masters Thomas Auld held out the promise of manumission to Douglass at a later date (Douglasss 25th birthday in this case) if he would give his wages to Auld until that date. The Aulds hoped to realize profits from their slave and give Douglass an incentive to work hard and obey orders (McFeely 59). By requiring slaves to work for wages for a third party and transfer their earnings to their masters, slave hiring fit the needs of urban slave owners, like widows and retirees, who had no profitable work of their own for their slaves. Margaret Burgwell, a Baltimore widow, supported herself in the late 1850s by hiring out her five slaves to work as servants for $25 to $100 a year. Burgwell averaged $338 annually through this system. By expropriating the value of her slaves labor, Burgwell supported herself, and employers obtained servants for under $0.35 per day.Urban practices like slave hiring opened cracks in the discipline of slavery that educated Douglass in the poss ibilities of freedom and the injustice of slavery. In 1838, Hugh Auld relied on Douglass to seek out employers and negotiate payment terms on his own. Like Douglass, many hired slaves resided apart from their masters and lived like free blacks in almost all respects. This increased autonomy made the remaining controls of slavery appear even more unjust. Commenting on his daily wage of $1.50, Douglass stated I contracted for it, worked for it, earned it, collected it; it was paid to me, and it was rightfully my own (My Bondage 319). Made more aware of slaverys theft of labor value because he weekly gave his earnings to Auld, Douglass found that the comparative liberties of urban slavery made the institutions injustice more glaring.